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    PracticeCPA®CPA AUD Practice Exam 3Question 15
    Medium1 markMultiple Choice
    Area II: Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentFraudIncentives

    CPA · Question 15 · Area II: Risk Assessment

    Scenario: An auditor is planning the audit of a nonissuer. The entity has a complex bonus structure for executives based on 'Adjusted EBITDA'. The auditor notes that 'Adjusted EBITDA' excludes 'non-recurring expenses', a definition that is subject to significant management judgment.<br/><br/>Which of the following is the MOST significant fraud risk associated with this scenario?

    Answer options:

    A.

    Management may understate revenue to lower tax liability.

    B.

    Management may inappropriately classify recurring operating expenses as 'non-recurring' to inflate Adjusted EBITDA and maximize bonuses.

    C.

    The auditor may not have the expertise to calculate EBITDA.

    D.

    The entity may fail to disclose the bonus structure in the notes.

    How to approach this question

    Apply the Fraud Triangle. Incentive: Bonus. Opportunity: Subjective definition. What action achieves the goal? Moving expenses out of the calculation.

    Full Answer

    B.Management may inappropriately classify recurring operating expenses as 'non-recurring' to inflate Adjusted EBITDA and maximize bonuses.✓ Correct
    The risk is 'classification shifting'. By labeling normal operating expenses as 'non-recurring', management can artificially boost the Adjusted EBITDA metric to trigger bonus payouts. This is a classic management override/fraud scenario.

    Common mistakes

    Focusing on tax avoidance (understatement) when the incentive is for bonuses (overstatement).
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