One difference is who brings the case. Source D states that 'Civil law cases are brought by private parties' (a claimant). In contrast, criminal cases are brought by the state, usually the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), on behalf of the Crown.
Another difference is the outcome of the case. The source says in civil law, the decision is whether the defendant is 'liable or not liable' to pay damages or take some action. In criminal law, the decision is whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty, and the outcome is a sentence, such as a fine or imprisonment.
This question tests the ability to compare and contrast civil and criminal law, using information from a source. Other valid differences that could be drawn from the source include:
- **Burden of proof:** The source says in civil law it's the 'balance of probabilities' (i.e., more likely than not). In criminal law, the prosecution must prove guilt 'beyond a reasonable doubt', which is a much higher standard.
- **Parties involved:** In civil law, it's a 'claimant' suing a 'defendant'. In criminal law, it's the 'prosecution' against the 'defendant'.
Expert