Social Context and Behaviour

The following definition of 'deindividuation' is not complete. Deindividuation happens when someone loses their _______________ . This causes them to feel less responsibility for their actions. You have been given four suggestions of what the missing words are. Complete the definition by identifying the correct missing words.

The 'cost of helping' affects bystander intervention. Use an example to describe how the 'cost of helping' could affect bystander intervention.

Outline one factor that affects obedience.

Read the following conversation between two psychology teachers. **Mrs Kaur:** I have been thinking about giving my Year 11 students a group project. **Mr Clarke:** I won't be doing that with my students because I want to make sure they all take part. **Mrs Kaur:** That's why I am going to set the project up so that I can easily identify what each student has done. What is meant by the term 'social loafing'? Refer to the conversation to support your answer.

Read the following information. Researchers wanted to find out how personality traits affect whether or not people will say something when they witness anti-social behaviour (eg littering or vandalism). Participants were given a questionnaire to rate themselves on a number of different personality traits. The personality traits included confidence, extraversion, respect and self-control. Participants were also asked how likely it is that they would say something if they saw someone doing something anti-social. The researchers' results showed a number of correlations between the likelihood of saying something and the bystander's dispositional factors. Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlations in psychological research.

Participants were asked to rate their confidence levels on a scale from 1 (low) to 5 (high). They used a similar scale to rate how likely they are to say something when they see someone dropping litter. The results are shown in Table 1. **Table 1** | Participant | Confidence rating 1-5 | Rating for the likelihood of saying something when witnessing littering 1-5 | |---|---|---| | A | 5 | 4 | | B | 3 | 3 | | C | 2 | 1 | | D | 4 | 3 | | E | 4 | 5 | | F | 1 | 1 | | G | 3 | 2 | | H | 5 | 5 | | I | 2 | 3 | | J | 4 | 4 | Use the results in Table 1 to sketch a suitable graph to show the ratings for participants' confidence and the likelihood of them saying something when witnessing littering. Also include in your answer: - a label for the Y axis - a scale for both axes - a suitable title for your graph.

The researchers who carried out the described questionnaire would like you to do a follow-up study. The participants who took part in the questionnaire have also agreed to be participants for your study. You are also able to use the ratings they gave themselves for the different personality traits. Describe how you would design a field experiment to find out more about how personality affects whether people would say something when witnessing anti-social behaviour. In your answer include: - a description of the procedure you would use - what your dependent variable would be.

Solomon Asch carried out his famous 'line' experiment in the 1950s. Discuss whether or not Asch's study of conformity would be considered to be ethical now. Use your knowledge of the British Psychological Society guidelines on ethical issues in psychological research to inform your discussion.