Global Aid Network, an NGO, recently changed the job description of its regional director, Sarah, without her consent. They removed her managerial responsibilities, relocated her desk to a windowless basement, and reduced her pay by 20%. Sarah resigns immediately in response. What type of dismissal has occurred?

Constructive dismissal occurs under s.95(1)(c) of the Employment Rights Act 1996 when an employee terminates the contract (resigns) with or without notice, in circumstances where they are entitled to do so without notice by reason of the employer's conduct. The employer's actions (pay cut, demotion) constitute a fundamental breach of the implied term of mutual trust and confidence.