A student investigated the colours in three different flowers, A, B and C, using paper chromatography. The colours are soluble in ethanol but are insoluble in water.
This is the method used.

1. Place ethanol in a beaker.
2. Add the flower.
3. Stir until the colours dissolve in the ethanol.
4. Filter the mixture.
5. Put spots of the coloured filtrate on the chromatography paper.
   The filtrate was a very pale coloured solution. How could the student obtain a darker coloured solution? Select two options.

To obtain a darker, more concentrated solution, the student needs to increase the amount of pigment dissolved in the ethanol. - **Crush the flower:** This breaks down the plant cell walls and increases the surface area of the flower material. This allows the ethanol to come into contact with more of the pigment, making the dissolving process faster and more efficient. - **Use more flowers:** By increasing the amount of the solute (the pigment in the flowers) while keeping the amount of solvent (ethanol) the same, the resulting solution will be more concentrated and therefore darker. - Using more ethanol would have the opposite effect, making the solution more dilute. The beaker size and number of filtrations are irrelevant to the concentration.