Organic chemistry

This question is about propane (C₃H₈). Figure 7 shows the displayed structural formula of propane. Explain why propane has a low boiling point.

This question is about fuels. Octane (C₈H₁₈) is a hydrocarbon in petrol. Cracking breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules. Which hydrocarbon molecule can be cracked to produce octane, C₈H₁₈?

What type of carbon compound is octane, C₈H₁₈?

Polymers J and K are both thermosoftening polymers. Polymer L is a thermosetting polymer. Why would polymer L be better than polymers J and K for firefighter uniforms?

Disposable cups are made from coated paper or poly(styrene). Figure 4 represents the structure of poly(styrene). Which small molecule is used to produce poly(styrene)?

Which process is used to make poly(styrene) from small molecules?

Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box. [ceramics, composites, four, many, monomers, polymers, two] Poly(styrene) is produced from small molecules called __________. When poly(styrene) is made, __________ styrene molecules join to form large molecules. These large molecules are called __________.

Methylated spirit contains ethanol and is available cheaply. Methylated spirit also contains: - pyridine which has a very unpleasant smell - methyl violet which makes the mixture purple Suggest why pyridine and methyl violet are added to ethanol to make methylated spirit.

Suggest one use of methylated spirit.

Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution. Give the name of this process.

Figure 9 shows part of the displayed formula for ethanol. Complete Figure 9.

Name the gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol.

Methanol is used to produce methanoic acid. What type of substance reacts with methanol to produce methanoic acid?

Central heating boilers can also burn kerosene. Kerosene is produced from crude oil in a fractionating column using fractional distillation. In the first step, crude oil is heated and hydrocarbon vapours are formed. Explain how kerosene is produced from these hydrocarbon vapours.

This question is about monomers and polymers. Compound A has an alkene functional group and an ester functional group. Figure 8 represents a molecule of compound A. Draw a circle around the alkene functional group on Figure 8.

Describe what will be seen when compound A is shaken with bromine water.

Figure 9 is a repeat of Figure 8. Draw a circle around the ester functional group on Figure 9.

Compound A has the formula C₄H₆O₂. Compound A is flammable. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

Many molecules of compound A join together to form polymer B. Complete the displayed formula equation which represents this reaction.

What type of polymer is polymer B?

Polymer B is a polymer which melts when heated. What word is used to describe polymers which melt when heated?

Explain why some polymers do not melt when heated.