Cognition and Behaviour

Which is the best example of information that would be stored as procedural memory?

Which of the following statements about short-term memory (STM) is true?

Evaluate the multi-store model of memory.

Describe Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' study.

Read the following information. A police officer is reading the statements of two eyewitnesses. Both statements describe the same robbery committed by one person in a local shop. The first eyewitness described the robber as being a male, in his late teens, wearing a red hoodie and not carrying a weapon. The second eyewitness described the robber as being a male with a facial scar, in his late-twenties, wearing a red T-shirt and carrying a knife. Use your knowledge of the theory of reconstructive memory to explain why each eyewitness gave different descriptions of the same robber.

Explain one weakness of the reconstructive theory of memory.

You have been asked to investigate the effect of context on the accuracy of memory. Describe how you would design an experiment to do this. You need to include the following information in your answer: • what you would ask participants to do and what data you would collect • one extraneous variable that could affect your results and how you could control it • the results you would expect to find from your experiment.

Which of the following are binocular depth cues? Select one.

Which of the following are binocular depth cues? Select the second correct option.

Which is the best explanation for the visual illusion known as the Ames room?

Briefly evaluate Gibson's direct theory of perception.

Sketch the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Outline how psychologists would explain the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Read the following information. A teacher carried out an experiment to investigate factors that can affect perception. She divided her class into two groups: A and B. Group A was shown nine different pictures of rabbits. Group B was shown nine different pictures of ducks. Both groups were then shown an ambiguous image (Figure 1, the duck-rabbit) and were asked what animal they saw. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1: The type of animal seen by participants | Animal | Group A | Group B | |--------|---------|---------| | Rabbit | 11 | 2 | | Duck | 3 | 13 | | Other | 1 | 0 | Calculate the percentage of students in Group B who saw Figure 1 as a rabbit. State your answer using two significant figures and show your workings.

Which of the following is the correct fraction of Group A who saw Figure 1 as a duck?

Use your knowledge of one factor that affects perception to explain the results shown in Table 1 (on page 10).

A psychologist carried out a laboratory experiment to see whether or not culture affects perception. He asked Marc and José to look at the three images shown in Figure 2 (a sheep, some grass, and a cat) and decide which image was the odd one out. Marc was brought up on a farm and still lives in a rural part of France. Marc said, "The cat is the odd one out. The sheep and the grass go together best because sheep eat grass.” José was brought up in the Spanish city where he still lives. “No!” said José, "it's the grass. The cat and the sheep go together best because they are both animals." Outline how culture can affect perception. Refer to both Marc and José's comments in your answer.

Explain one strength of using laboratory experiments in research.

Sienna is planning her holiday. Which part of the brain plays a key role in this activity?

Matt is looking at a drawing of how castles were designed. Which one of the following learning styles is he using?

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage will a child first start to look for something that has been hidden from view?

Two teachers are having a conversation about a student. Mr Taylor: "I am really worried about Jana. She is not enthusiastic about learning during lessons and does not complete her homework. Her test scores are getting worse. What can I do to help her?" Mr Rogers: "Maybe you need to increase Jana's level of self-efficacy." Outline one example of how Mr Taylor can use praise to improve Jana's learning.

Outline one example of how Mr Taylor can increase Jana's self-efficacy.

Read the following information. Mason and Kyle had a trial for the school football team but were not selected to play. Mason: "I'm such a loser. I never get chosen for anything. There is no point going to training. The coach obviously doesn't like me. There's always going to be someone more talented than me, it's so unfair." Kyle: "I am disappointed too but everyone gets rejected sometimes. The coach says I need to improve my fitness level so I am going to start running twice a week. Perhaps I will be selected next time.” Use your knowledge of both negative schemas as an explanation for depression and Dweck's Mindset theory of learning to explain why these two students responded in different ways. Briefly evaluate both negative schemas as an explanation for depression and Dweck's Mindset theory.

Hughes investigated egocentrism in his 'policeman doll study'. Describe this study.

Evaluate Hughes' 'policeman doll study'.

Which two of the following are commonly understood to be advantages of case studies? Select one.

Which two of the following are commonly understood to be advantages of case studies? Select the second correct option.

Which one of the following statistics is calculated by finding the difference between the smallest and largest values in a set of data?

Outline what is meant by independent groups and repeated measures. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both of these types of experimental design.

Read the following information. A researcher wanted to investigate whether physical exercise affected the mental well-being of firefighters. He used stratified sampling to select 10 participants from a local fire department. He asked each participant to keep a diary for one month. Participants were asked to record the amount of exercise they completed each day. They were also asked to record a daily mental well-being score using the scale shown in Table 2. Table 2: Mental well-being rating scale (Table shows a Likert-type scale for statements like 'I have felt confident', 'I have felt relaxed', etc., scored from 5 'All of the time' to 1 'None of the time'.) Outline one strength of using a stratified sample when conducting research.

Give a definition of both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data: Quantitative data:

When collecting information about mental well-being, explain why collecting qualitative data rather than quantitative data may increase the validity of the data collected by the researcher.

Read the following information. At the end of the month, the researcher analysed the diaries completed by participants. He calculated the average number of minutes each participant exercised daily and the average mental well-being score for each participant for the whole month. The results are shown in Table 3. Table 3: The average daily exercise and mental well-being score for each participant | Participant number | Average daily exercise (minutes) | Average mental well-being score | |--------------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------| | 1 | 30 | 14 | | 2 | 12 | 11 | | 3 | 5 | 8 | | 4 | 2 | 7 | | 5 | 8 | 10 | | 6 | 14 | 10 | | 7 | 30 | 12 | | 8 | 15 | 11 | | 9 | 28 | 15 | | 10 | 45 | 15 | Identify the mode for the average daily exercise scores shown in Table 3.

Calculate the median for the average mental well-being scores shown in Table 3.

Use the graph paper to sketch a scatter diagram to show the results shown in Table 3. Provide a suitable title and labels for your diagram.

Identify the type of correlation the researcher has found between exercise and mental well-being.